When was codeine first discovered

The first clinical results were so promising that heroin was considered a wonder drug. Indeed, heroin was more effective than codeine in respiratory diseases. It has turned out, however, that repeated administration of heroin results in the development of tolerance and the patients become heroin-addicts soon. In the early s morphine addicts "discovered" the euphorising properties of heroin and this effect was enhanced by intravenous administration.

Heroin became a narcotic drug and its abuse began to spread quickly. Risks are also associated with products that combine codeine with other drugs. Combinations with paracetamol can also lead to liver damage. Codeine may cause red, itchy skin rashes, difficulty breathing, faintness, constipation, hayfever, and swelling of the face or throat. Serious side effects include unusual sleepiness, confusion, and difficult and noisy breathing.

The drug can suppress the cough reflex and create breathing difficulties, particularly when asleep. Alcohol other than low doses , other analgesics, benzodiazepines Valium, Temaze, Serepax , other sedatives and sleeping tablets, and some antidepressants interact with codeine and should be avoided since they may enhance the sedative actions.

Use of codeine is not advised in people who have had recent biliary tract surgery unblocking of the bile ducts , have suffered a recent head injury or conditions that raise the pressure within the head, or are suffering from diarrhoea caused by poisoning or antibiotics. Festival of Social Science — Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire. This update related to the detection of morphine, codeine, oripavine, noscapine, and papaverine in poppy seed samples whereas, the previous report related only to the levels of morphine entering the food chain.

Codeine values were given in relation to morphine equivalents, using a conversion factor of 0. Noscapine and papaverine were considered in the most recent publication however, the data that was available to the EFSA did not allow for a hazard characterization but they did conclude that the presence of these compounds would not present a health concern.

In relation to the presence of thebaine and oripavine not included in the work of this paper , it was concluded that there was insufficient data to make any assessment. Based on these updated EFSA findings, the presence of the morphine and codeine in the poppy seeds analyzed in this work, would still would still fall below the recommendations outlined.

There is also little or no information on packaging of poppy seeds regarding what, if any, treatment has taken place prior to packaging. Since the ingestion of poppy seeds has been used as reasons for failure of workplace drug testing and roadside drug testing, more should be done to ensure as much information as is possible is available on the preparation methods of the seeds.

The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author. This work was approved by the Northumbria University Ethics committee. The university holds a UK Home Office Drug License for the storage and use of controlled drug standards and for the extraction of alkaloids from poppy seeds. The laboratory work, analysis of data and writing was carried out predominantly by MC. JD and JA helped in the design and review of data and interpretation and all parties contributed to the writing and review of the article.

All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. This work was funded with the support from the Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. This work was carried out and submitted as part of a Ph.

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Phytochemistry 91, 29— Duke, J. Utilization of Papaver. EFSA Scientific Opinion on the risks for public health related to the presence of opium alkaloids in poppy seeds. EFSA J. Garnock-Jones, P. Alakloid content of Papaver somniferum subsp. Grove, M. Morphine and codeine in poppy seed. Food Chem. Gumuscu, A. Evaluation of selected poppy Papaver somniferum L. Eur Food Res Technol. International Narcotics Board Effect of poppy seed consummation on the positive results of opiates screening in biological samples.

Legal Med. Though it is one of the weaker prescription opioids, it can be just as addictive. Codeine Can Be Addictive. Health Risks of Opioid Use Disorder. Some side effects include:. Lowered blood pressure. Itchiness or rash. Dry mouth. Blurry vision. Some long-term side effects include:. Major depression.

Acute pancreatitis. Liver damage. Financial and legal problems. Higher sensitivity to pain. Cold, clammy skin. Feeling tired and worn out. Kidney damage. Domestic problems. Decreased muscle tone. Damaged social relationships.

Some memory loss. Muscle twitches and cramps. Job loss.